Income Elasticity of Demand

A Beginners Guide to Elasticity: Price Elasticity of Demand  introduced the basic concept and illustrated it with a few examples of price elasticity of demand.   A Brief Review of Price Elasticity of Demand The formula for price elasticity of demand is:   Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) (% Change in Quantity Demanded) à ·Ã‚  (% Change in Price) The formula quantifies the demand for a given as the percentage change in the quantity of the good demanded divided by the percentage change in its price.   If the product, for example, is aspirin, which is widely available from many different manufacturers, a small change in one manufacturers price, lets say a 5 percent increase, might make a big difference in the demand for the product. Lets suppose that the decreased demand was a minus 20 percent, or -20%. Dividing the decreased demand (-20%) by the increased price (5 percent) gives a result of -4. The price elasticity of demand for aspirin is high -- a small difference in price produces a significant decrease in demand.   Generalizing the Formula You can generalize the formula by observing that it expresses the relationship between two variables, demand and price. A similar formula expresses another relationship, that between the demand for a given product  and consumer income Income Elasticity of Demand (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Income) In an economic recession, for example, U.S. household income might drop by 7 percent, but the household money spent on eating out might drop by 12 percent. In this case, the income elasticity of demand is calculated as 12 à · 7 or about 1.7. In other words, a moderate drop in income produces a greater drop in demand. In the same recession, on the other hand, we might discover that the 7 percent drop in household income produced only a 3 percent drop in baby formula sales. The calculation in this instance is 3 à · 7 or about 0.43.   what you can conclude from this is that eating out in restaurants is not an essential economic activity for U.S. households -- the elasticity of demand is 1.7, considerably great than 1.0 -- but that buying baby formula, with an income elasticity of demand of 0.43, is relatively essential and that demand will persist even when income drops.    Generalizing Income Elasticity of Demand Income elasticity of demand is used to see how sensitive the demand for a good is to an income change. The higher the income elasticity, the more sensitive demand for a good is to income changes. A very high-income elasticity suggests that when a consumers income goes up, consumers will buy a great deal more of that good and, conversely, that when income goes down consumers will cut back their purchases of that good to an even greater degree.   A very low price elasticity implies just the opposite, that changes in a consumers income have  little influence on demand. Often an assignment or a test will ask you the follow-up question Is the good a luxury good, a normal good, or an inferior good between the income range of $40,000 and $50,000? To answer that use the following rule of thumb: If IEoD 1 then the good is a Luxury Good and Income ElasticIf IEoD 1 and IEOD 0 then the good is a Normal Good and Income InelasticIf IEoD 0 then the good is an Inferior Good and Negative Income Inelastic The other side of the coin, of course, is supply.

The Great Depression And American Policies - 1819 Words

It is debatable as to what extent the Great Depression was the result of American policies in the 1920s. Many historians may argue that the cause of the Great Depression cannot be easily defined and identified due to the fact that there are many other factors which must also be taken into consideration. Some historians may argue that American policies were the largest contributing factor towards the Great Depression for many reasons, such as the underlying weaknesses in the US economy in general, which could be identified many years before the depression began in late 1929. Many examples of this can be identified, such as the Republican policies that President Hoover believed in and specific taxes that were introduced during the 1920s which resulted in international trade eventually coming to a standstill. However, it can be argued that there are many other factors which are also linked with one another when attempting to understand to what extent a certain factor contributed towards the Great Depression. For example, there were many underlying issues in 1920’s America that were indicating that the boom was under threat many years before the Depression had actually began. This can be seen through identifying just some of the many problems in USA at the time, such as when people were ‘buying on margin’, ‘buying on credit’, the banking crisis and the issues with ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ eventually leading to unemployment and lastly the ‘stock market crash’ in late 1929.Show MoreRelatedAmerican Foreign Policy After The Great Depression1390 Words   |  6 Pages Between 1920 and 1941 the paradigm of American foreign policy completely shifted from the Isolationism to Interventionism for valid reasons. First the economic and socially challenging home front crisis of the Great Depression kept American citizens and politicians busy with domestic policy. Additionally the disillusionment of people w ith WWI caused America to avoid war at all costs. However, the rising threat of fascism in Europe forced America to defend democracy and help its allies. The firstRead MoreEssay on Roosevelt and Hoover DBQ1428 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt and Hoover DBQ The Great Depression quickly altered Americas view of liberalism and therefore, Roosevelt can be considered a liberal and Hoover a conservative, despite the fact that they did occasionally support very similar policies. The United States experienced political shifts during the Great Depression, which are described by Arthur Schlesinger’s analysis of eras in which public objectives were placed before personal concerns. It seems that the public view of what constitutesRead MorePresident Roosevelt s New Deal971 Words   |  4 Pagesout of the Depression that It plunged into during the Herbert Hoover administration. The Great Depression happened through a myriad of events that ranged from bank failures to the stock market crashing multiple times in a short amount of time. The nation s economy was in turmoil and unemployment and poverty were at an all-time high and something had to be done to stop this economic free-fall. FDR and his political cabinet called the â€Å"Brain T rust† decided to take the Great Depression head on withRead MoreSocial and Economic Impact of The New Deal Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of The New Deal Prior to the great depression, the U.S. economy alternated between periods of prosperity and sharp economic decline. During the great depression, aggregate demand dropped sharply, causing the price level and real GOP to decline. As aggregate output declined, the unemployment rate jumped, climbing from around 3 percent in 1929 to 25 percent in1933. There were several factors that played a major role in the Great Depression. The main explanation was overproduction ofRead MoreHow Roosevelt And His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression1395 Words   |  6 PagesAnd His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression The traditional view of Franklin D. Roosevelt is that he motivated and helped the United States during the â€Å"Great Depression† and was a great president, however, as time has passed, economist historians have begun analyzing Roosevelt’s presidency. Many have concluded that he did not help America during the Great Depression but instead amplified and prolonged the depression. Jim Powell wrote about FDR economic policies and did an excellent job explainingRead MoreGreat Depression Essays1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression is probably one of the most misunderstood events in American history. It is routinely cited, as proof that unregulated capitalism is not the best in the world, and that only a massive welfare state, huge amounts of economic regulation, and other interventions can save capitalism from itself. The Great Depression had important consequences and was a devastating event in America, however many good policies and programs became available as a result of the great depression, someRead More Roosevelt a Liberal and Hoover a Conservative Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pages Roosevelt a Liberal and Hoover a Conservative Thesis: Because the Great Depression quickly changed Americas view of liberalism, Roosevelt can be considered a liberal and Hoover a conservative, despite occasionally supporting similar policies. Written for the Advanced Placement U.S. History Document Based Question from the A.P. test. Hoover The political shifts in American history during the last two centuries are often explained by Arthur Schlesingers cyclical explanation of eras of publicRead MoreInterpretations of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the midst of the greatest depression in the history of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt and his committees drafted The New Deal, consisting of policies which they hoped would help all declining facets of the nation at the time. The American people needed to heed a promising leader that would set plans to end the depression, a change from president Hoover who seemed to have no set plan for foe dealing with such economic crisis. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy, create jobs,Read MoreAn Analysis Of Lawrence Reed s Great Myths Of The Great Depression 958 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming president of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy. He stayed in that job for twenty years before assuming the presidency of the Foundation for Economic Education. He holds honorary doctorates from Central Michigan University and Northwood University. Theory Reed’s book, Great Myths of the Great Depression, attempts to argue that the stock market crash of 1929 was merely a normal economic occurrence. Instead, it was government policies enacted in response that exacerbated and prolonged theRead MoreTheu.s. The Great Depression1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthe public and eventually the majority of the government to support the idea of the isolationists: the Great Depression. As this tragic event persisted throughout the decade, it persuaded many variety of citizens of United States to believe that Isolationism was the answer to fix this crisis. The favoring of isolationism in different parts of the country and people influenced the U.S foreign policies in such a way that the United States Government became an isolationist. They believed that with the

Distributed Systems Transactions Parallel -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Distributed Systems Transactions Parallel? Answer: Introduction Webb's Store is the retail store located in Australia. Webb wants to grow and furnish their business activities and thus for better marketing growth, they have planned to migrate to the cloud. They are in a dilemma whether the cloud computing will help them the benefits or not (Beck, Hao Campan, 2017). They are also concerned about how they should adopt the cloud in a secure way. The report will showcase the security concerns that are associated with the move of Webb from the SQL server to IaaS cloud architecture. The benefits, as well as the issues correlated with the database and cloud architecture, will be discussed in the report. The backing up of data, retrieval and storage of data in the cloud will be elaborated in the report. The recommendations will be grandstand as well and this recommendation will help Webb whether they should adopt the cloud technology or not, what advantages they can get as a result of this cloud technology. Security deployment to protect this migration of database to IaaS instance Webb if adopt cloud technology they will have to face the issues like data breaches and the data breaches generally occur by means of hijacking ones accounts, illegal access to APIs, and malware and worms attack (Shufeng Xu, 2012). These are the breaches are carried out by the hackers. For this reason, to protect the database from illegal access, following steps must be followed. Proper follow-through of the network: The database admins must be aware of the data where Webbs data will be stocked, the database admin must label those data so that those can be acquired from the database whenever needed (Azam et al., 2013). Network information security: A set of rules and regulations must be set for each employee and the customers also their access to the database must be set to a certain extent (Dinh et al., 2013). Security Intelligence techniques and procedures: The Event Management techniques and the Security Intelligence should be incorporated to detect any faults residing within the defence system (Sadooghi et al., 2017). Along with that suitable cryptographic technologies must be used to add more security to the system. Benefits and issues related to deployment of these security measures Benefits of security measures To become secured from the DDoS attack- The cloud security solutions is responsible to secure both the database and the system from DDoS attack and thus via security measures, the authenticity and the authorization can be assured. Security assurance of the information- Cloud security solutions are capable of securing Webbs data from all kinds of threats and risks. iii. Regulatory compliance- The cloud security solutions assist Webb to monitor the advanced cloud infrastructure, in this way the financial data residing within the database can be secured (Varia Mathew, 2014). Suitable solutions- The server can get crashed and this can mishaps can be averted by cloud solutions escalation. Later Webb can scale back to cut down the huge cost while the huge cloud traffic gets over. Enabling 24x7 services- Webb can communicate with the customers all the time throughout day and night 24x7 with the help of cloud solutions (Dillon Vossen, 2015). Cost- Webb do not have to bear extra cost for hardware and software products, they only have to pay for the cloud platform which they will hire from Amazon. vii. Integrity- The data integrity shows that data must be stored honestly and securely and since Amazon is brand name offering services to customers for a longer period of time, they can assure the data integrity solutions for sure. The major issue they will have to face that they will have to pay the heavy amount of money to the cloud vendors for ensuring the security of their office system and database (Muthui SISAT, 2013). Risks associated with migrating database to the cloud with respect to- The risks associated with the database are- Data breaches- Webb's data can be compromised if their data gets hacked by the hackers and the intruders, Webb can get into trouble and their reputation can suffer. Webb, for this reason, can heavy loss. Accounting hijacking of customers and employees- Webb's database contains the important sensitive information of the company's employees and the customers (Tsai et al., 2014). If those data get hijacked by phishing or any other means the company, as well as company's database, can be at risks. Malware attack- The attack carried out by malware, virus and the worm can make the entire Webb database susceptible to attack. The IaaS infrastructure The risks correlated with IaaS Cloud are- Misconfigure- Webb's existing hardware and software can misconfigure with the cloud vendor's framework and so they need the updated hardware and software solutions. Vulnerable issues- The Elastic Workload protector procedure by three procedures Remediate, Scan and Prioritize methods can detect the IaaS framework components which are susceptible to risks. Shadow-IT- This Shadow-IT involves the non-usage of dormant assets for a longer period of time, the usage of Amazon AWS services which is the beta mode, usage of the server which remains idle for a long time (Manvi, Shyam, 2014). In this scenario, Webb will use the cloud server provided by the cloud vendor so they will not use the database anymore which they are using right now. Thus this unused database can be a matter of concern. Communications between Webbs and their IaaS database in the cloud Webb must use the IaaS cloud architecture provided by Amazon AWS. Amazon is known to provide the best cloud solutions among all the vendors. Therefore, they can be benefitted using the Amazon web services. They will provide the required hardware and software solutions for Webb, Webb just needs to make minimum changes in their prevalent system framework and database to comply with the proposed cloud framework model of Amazon (Gai, Steenkamp, 2014). Amazon is known to cater the best cloud advanced technology solutions along with that the security benefits and Webb are sure to enjoy the features. Backing up data to the Cloud The threats and the security risks associated with backup of data are- Webb will need a strong bandwidth to both upload and download data that is how they can keep backup of their data. Webb has to keep in mind they have to spend money heavily for the fast bandwidth. The data can be compromised while it is being transmitted. iii. Also due to the breakdown of the server, there will be a chance of data loss. Storage of data in the Cloud The data if transmitted via insecure unencrypted network there is a chance of data breaches. During deployment of data in the cloud, Webb must be careful enough of the file they are storing if they are not stored properly the intruders can gain access to the important data that belongs to that file will be exposed (Manvi, Shyam, 2014). Retrieval of data from the cloud The high bandwidth is required to download files and to work upon. The data downloaded from the cloud database may contain the virus contained in the file must be checked. The following benefits that Webb can acquire are- Webb's database can be scaled to gain maximum throughput and along with that, the profitable services can be gained. As Amazon will take the maximum responsibility to maintain and update the database, so Webb will not have to think to spend on hardware and software (Manvi, Shyam, 2014). iii. The cloud security solutions will be catered by Amazon, so, once again Webb can stay safe and secure and will not have to think about the data being getting compromised. Their IaaS infrastructure Webb adopting the Amazon AWS cloud services definitely can stay ahead of their times. They can get a competitive edge. Moreover, they do not have to bear heavy expenses for the hardware and the software (Sharma et al., 2017). They just need few hardware and software changes to integrate their existing framework model to their Amazon cloud framework model. Since Amazon is a global brand they just need to trust Amazon. Their Ms SQL Server 2012 R2 cloud instance Amazon RDS for SQL server caters the facility so that Webb can utilise the capabilities of their SQL database to the utmost. The physical security must be assured to safeguard al hardware, software elements from illegal access (Dillon Vossen, 2015). The digital certificate also comes handy while question arises for the database security. Their Cloud network infrastructure Amazon is known for catering smart solutions for clouds and also the advanced security. The latest configuration system is required by Webb to enhance their business operations (Varia Mathew, 2014). The latest configuration systems include latest software and hardware components and integration is absolutely necessary to execute the apps and performs the associated tasks. Their Cloud backup and restore infrastructure Webb's data will be transacted through a secure channel over the internet thus all kind of data breaches and intruders' attacks can be mitigated with the help of Amazon AWS's advanced cloud solutions (Sharma et al., 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that Webb can get immense benefits simply by switching to the cloud. The Amazon AWS has a lot to offer to Webb and the consultant Webb hire must acknowledge Web about the potential benefits of the Amazon AWS cloud architecture. Webb can get a competitive edge over others while conducting their business activities in both Australia and New Zealand. The advanced security solutions associated with Webb's switching of their SQL database to IaaS cloud has been portrayed in details in the report. The risks, threats as well as the advantages involved within the framework and the database has been explained in the report. The threats correlated with the backing up of data, storage and retrieval of data has been elaborated in the report. Also, the recommendations have been made on the procedures that Webb must follow to utilise the Amazon AWS cloud fruitfully in their premises. References Azam, Abdollahzadehgan; Ab Razak Che Hussin; Gohary , Marjan Moshfegh Gohary Mahyar Amini (2013),The OrganizationalCritical Success Factors for Adopting Cloud Computing in SMEs, Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation (JISRI), Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 67-74. Beck, M., Hao, W., Campan, A. (2017, January). Accelerating the Mobile cloud: Using Amazon Mobile Analytics and k-means clustering. InComputing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 2017 IEEE 7th Annual(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Dillon, S., Vossen, G. (2015). SaaS cloud computing in small and medium enterprises: A comparison between civil-engineering and New Zealand.International Journal of Information Technology, Communications and Convergence,3(2), 87-104. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Gai, K., Steenkamp, A. (2014). A feasibility study of Platform-as-a-Service using cloud computing for a global service organization.Journal of Information Systems Applied Research,7(3), 28. Manvi, S. S., Shyam, G. K. (2014). human Resource management for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing: A survey.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,41, 424-440. Muthui, M., SISAT, C. (2013). Amazon Web Services. Sadooghi, I., Martin, J. H., Li, T., Brandstatter, K., Maheshwari, K., de Lacerda Ruivo, T. P. P., ... Raicu, I. (2017). Understanding the performance and potential of cloud computing for scientific applications.IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,5(2), 358-371. Sharma, P., Lee, S., Guo, T., Irwin, D., Shenoy, P. (2017). Managing Risk in a Derivative IaaS Cloud.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. Shufeng Gao Xu, Ai, (2012) Boosting Electronic Business Applications by Digitally Enabling SMBs with Cloud Computing Model, 11th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering Science, pp-214-218. Tsai, W., Bai, X., Huang, Y. (2014). Software-as-a-service (SaaS): perspectives and challenges.Science China Information Sciences,57(5), 1-15. Varia, J., Mathew, S. (2014). Overview of amazon web services.Amazon Web Services

Parental Delinquency Essays - Childhood, Criminology,

Parental Delinquency Parental Delinquency? Gone are the good old days when mom and dad were around to teach their children about morality and the basics of growing up. Instead, we see parents who have replaced caring and personal involvement with the purchase of material goods. We see parents who are afraid to discipline their children and who are afraid to set boundaries. We see parents who are afraid to hug their children and be involved in their lives. A child's behavior shows the kind of home he or she comes from. Parents are suppose to be role models, but what do we find. Parents are neglecting their responsibility. Parents, who ought to teach by precept and example, have fallen prey to the do as I say, but not as I do syndrome. We as a society, often times fail to look at the root cause of many of the adolescent problems being witnessed today. I watched a PBS documentary entitled The Lost Children of Rockdale County. I found this documentary to be very disturbing look into the lives of middle to upper class youth. Though the focus of the program was sexual promiscuity, drugs, pornography, and alcohol, but what I found far more troubling was the tremendous breakdown that exists between the children of Rockdale County and their parents. This entire documentary was full of houses that were empty and void of supervision and adult presence. Some recent research on adolescent behavior has provided an insight into factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency. The relationships between parents and children play a significant role in the social well being of the children. Children who do the best, have parents who use both a great deal of warmth and caring with their children and also exercise a high level of control over their children's actions. High levels of warmth and control characterize the form of parenting referred to as authoritative. (Teenagers in Trouble, Gallagher, p.2) Authoritative parents are both firm and fair. Rarely did I see this type of parent in the program. I thought that if I disciplined you, you would run away was one comment made by a mother whose daughter had gone on a drinking bing at age twelve, blacked out, and realized she had been raped when she came to. Many of the parents documented were not able to connect with their children and even when they did, they thought that just showing concern was enough. A Father commented that he felt that he should allow his children to sow their wild oats when they were young so that they wouldn't do it when they were older. Just showing concern is not enough. Adolescents need guidance as well as encouragement and they need to know that their parents, their relatives, and the adult network in the neighborhood are all watching them, are all concerned, and see their upbringing as a priority. (Teenagers in Trouble, Gallagher, p 3). I could go on about the gross negligence of the parents of Rockdale County. This documentary was an eye opening view not only of blatant unconcern by the parents of this county but also the underlying breakdown of the American family. I believe that the solution to juvenile delinquency is not more laws or greater restrictions, for rarely do these interventions work. We need to have adults who are continuously, visibly and actively present in the lives of children. Bibliography Adolescence and Puberty. Bancroft, J, Reinisch, JM. (Eds.) (1990) New York: Oxford University. A Parent's Handbook: Teaching Your Kids about Developing Healthy Relationships. Gallagher, R. & Liz Claiborne, Women's Work Foundation (1998) http://www.aboutourkids.org The Children of Rockdale, (PBS, 1999)

Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius or one-humped camel) is one of a half-dozen of camel species left on the planet, including llamas, alpacas, vicunas, and guanacos in South America, as well as its cousin, the two-humped Bactrian camel. All evolved from a common ancestor some 40-45 million years ago in North America. The dromedary was probably domesticated from wild ancestors roaming in the Arabian peninsula. Scholars believe that the likely site of domestication was in coastal settlements along the southern Arabian peninsula somewhere between 3000 and 2500 BC. Like its cousin the Bactrian camel, the dromedary carries energy in the form of fat in its hump and abdomen and can survive on little or no water or food for quite a long period. As such, the dromedary was (and is) prized for its ability to endure treks across the arid deserts of the Middle East and Africa. Camel transport greatly enhanced overland trade throughout Arabia particularly during the Iron Age, extending international contacts throughout the region along caravansaries. Art and Incense Dromedaries are illustrated as being hunted in New Kingdom Egyptian art during the Bronze Age (12th century BC), and by the Late Bronze Age, they were fairly ubiquitous across Arabia. Herds are attested from Iron Age Tell Abraq on the Persian Gulf. The dromedary is associated with the emergence of the incense route, along the western edge of the Arabian peninsula; and the ease of camel travel compared to substantially more dangerous sea navigation increased the use of overland trade routes connecting the Sabaean and later trading establishments between Axum and the Swahili Coast and the rest of the world. Archaeological Sites Archaeological evidence for early dromedary use includes the predynastic site of Qasr Ibrim, in Egypt, where camel dung was identified about 900 BC, and because of its location interpreted as dromedary. Dromedaries did not become ubiquitous in the Nile Valley until about 1,000 years later. The earliest reference to dromedaries in Arabia is the Sihi mandible, a camelid bone direct-dated to ca 7100-7200 BC. Sihi is a Neolithic coastal site in Yemen, and the bone is probably a wild dromedary: it is about 4,000 years earlier than the site itself. See Grigson and others (1989) for additional information about Sihi. Dromedaries have been identified at sites in southeastern Arabia beginning between 5000-6000 years ago. The site of Mleiha in Syria includes a camel graveyard, dated between 300 BC and 200 AD. Finally, dromedaries from the Horn of Africa were found at the Ethiopian site of Laga Oda, dated 1300-1600 AD. The bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus or two-humped camel) is related to, but, as it turns out, not descended from the wild bactrian camel (C. bactrianus ferus), the only survivor species of the ancient old world camel. Domestication and Habitats Archaeological evidence indicates that the bactrian camel was domesticated in Mongolia and China about 5,000-6,000 years ago, from a now-extinct form of camel. By the 3rd millennium BC, the bactrian camel was spread throughout much of Central Asia. Evidence for the domestication of Bactrian camels has been found as early as 2600 BC at Shahr-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran. Wild bactrians have small, pyramid-shaped humps, thinner legs and a smaller and slender body then their domestic counterparts. A recent genome study of wild and domestic forms (Jirimutu and colleagues) suggested that one characteristic selected for during the domestication process may have been enriched olfactory receptors, the molecules which are responsible for the detection of odors. The original habitat of the bactrian camel extended from the Yellow River in Gansu province of northwest China through Mongolia to central Kazakhstan. Its cousin the wild form lives in northwestern China and southwestern Mongolia particularly in the Outer Altai Gobi Desert. Today, bactrians are mainly herded in the cold deserts of Mongolia and China, where they contribute significantly to the local camel herding economy. Attractive Characteristics Camel characteristics which attracted people to domesticate them are pretty obvious. Camels are biologically adapted to harsh conditions of deserts and semi-deserts, and thus they make it possible for people to travel through or even live in those deserts, despite the aridity and lack of grazing. Daniel Potts (University of Sydney) once called the bactrian the principal means of locomotion for the Silk Road bridge between the old world cultures of the east and west. Bactrians store energy as fat in their humps and abdomens, which enables them to survive for long periods without food or water. In a single day, a camels body temperature can vary safely between an astounding 34-41 degrees Celsius (93-105.8 degrees Fahrenheit). In addition, camels can tolerate a high dietary intake of salt, more than eight times that of cattle and sheep. Recent Research Geneticists (Ji et al.) have recently discovered that feral bactrian, C. bactrianus ferus, is not a direct ancestor, as had been assumed prior to the onset of DNA research, but is instead a separate lineage from a progenitor species which has now disappeared from the planet. There are currently six subspecies of bactrian camel, all descendant from the single bactrian population of the unknown progenitor species. They are divided based on morphological characteristics: C. bactrianus xinjiang, C.b. sunite, C.b. alashan, C.B. red, C.b. brown, and C.b. normal. A behavioral study found that bactrian camels older than 3 months are not allowed to suck milk from their mothers, but have learned to steal milk from other mares in the herd (Brandlova et al.) See page one for information about the  Dromedary Camel.   Sources Boivin, Nicole. Shell Middens, Ships and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian Peninsula. Journal of World Prehistory, Dorian Q. Fuller, Volume 22, Issue 2, SpringerLink, June 2009. Brandlov K, BartoÃ… ¡ L, and Haberov T. 2013. Camel calves as opportunistic milk thefts? The first description of allosuckling in domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). PLoS One 8(1):e53052. Burger PA, and Palmieri N. 2013. Estimating the Population Mutation Rate from a de novo Assembled Bactrian Camel Genome and Cross-Species Comparison with Dromedary ESTs. Journal of Heredity: March 1, 2013. Cui P, Ji R, Ding F, Qi D, Gao H, Meng H, Yu J, Hu S, and Zhang H. 2007. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. BMC Genomics 8:241. Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings. Journal of World Prehistory, Olivier Hanotte, Volume 24, Issue 1, SpringerLink, May 2011. Grigson C, Gowlett JAJ, and Zarins J. 1989. The Camel in Arabia: A Direct Radiocarbon Date, Calibrated to about 7000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:355-362. Ji R, Cui P, Ding F, Geng J, Gao H, Zhang H, Yu J, Hu S, and Meng H. 2009. Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus). Animal Genetics 40(4):377-382. Jirimutu, Wang Z, Ding G, Chen G, Sun Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Hasi S et al. (The Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium) 2012. Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels. Nature Communications 3:1202. Uerpmann HP. 1999. Camel and horse skeletons from protohistoric graves at Mleiha in the Emirate of Sharjah (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 10(1):102-118. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.1999.tb00131.x Vigne J-D. 2011. The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere. Comptes Rendus Biologies 334(3):171-181.

Finding Text Complexity in a Three-Word Poem

Finding Text Complexity in a Three-Word Poem The length of a poem does not define its text complexity. Take, for example, the world’s shortest poem: FleasAdamhadem Thats it. Three words, actually two if you consider the contraction hadem as one word. The poem’s attribution is generally given to Ogden Nash (1902-1971) although there are some who credit Shel Silverstein (1931-1999). An article by Eric Shackle, however, found the originator of the poem was Strickland Gillilan (1869-1954). The article notes: At last, after searching dozens of websites, we discovered the identity of the mystery poet. It was revealed on a US National Park Service website describing Mount Rainier National Park. The Mt Rainier Nature News Notes of July 1, 1927, contained this brief item:THE SHORTEST POEM: We like poetry but we cannot stand it in too large doses. The following, which according to its author, Strickland Gillilan, is the shortest poem existing, deals with the antiquity of bugs.It runs thus: Adam had em! This short poem would meet the three standards for measuring text complexity according to the Common Core: 1. Qualitative Evaluation of the Text: This measure refers to the levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands. Teachers can review three poetic terms in this three word poem by pointing out that despite its brevity, the structure is a rhyming couplet of iambic meter. There is even an internal rhyme with the â€Å"am† and â€Å"em† sounds. There are even more figurative devices in the poem beginning with the name Adam in the first line. This is a literary allusion from the Bible as Adam is the proper name given to the first man created by God in Genesis. His companion Eve, the first woman, is not mentioned, it’s not â€Å"Adam and Eve/ had’em.† That could place the setting of the poem earlier in the Bible than her appearance in Genesis 2:20. Despite the allusion to a religious text, the tone of the poem is casual because of the contraction, â€Å"had’em.†   The title â€Å"Fleas† associated with the character Adam is comical since it implies a certain level of uncleanliness. There is even a bit of ownership since Adam had fleas, the fleas dont â€Å"have Adam,† and the use of the past tense â€Å"had† infers that he might now be cleaner. 2. Quantitative Evaluation of the Text: This measure refers to readability measures and other scores of text complexity. Using an online readability calculator, the three word poem’s average grade level is a 0.1.    3. Matching Reader to Text and Task: This measure refers to reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task variables (the complexity generated by the task assigned and the questions posed) In reading this three word poem, students would have to activate their background knowledge about fleas, and some of them might know that that scientists   recently concluded that fleas probably fed on dinosaurs as they need to feed on warm vertebrates blood. Many students will know the role of fleas in history as the transmitters of plagues and diseases. A few students may know that they are wingless insects that jump as high and as wide as an 8.5† X 11†. Explained in the Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) section of The Common Core State Standards is the description that they were built to â€Å"create a staircase of increasing text complexity, so that students are expected to both develop their skills and apply them to more and more complex texts.† The three word poem â€Å"Fleas† may be a little step on the text complexity staircase, but it can provide a workout of critical thinking even for the upper grade students.

The works of Archimedes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The works of Archimedes - Term Paper Example Codex C, of Byzantine origin in the tenth century, retains the only existing copies of On the Method of Mechanical Theorems, On the Measurement of the Circle, On the Sphere and Cylinder, On Spiral Lines, On the Equilibrium of Planes and his most famous work On Floating Bodies. However, the authors of "Infinite Possibilities: Ten Years of Study of the Archimedes Palimpsest" believe that On the Method of Mechanical Theorems â€Å"†¦is arguably the most significant, as it outlines Archimedes' thinking process for proving mathematical conjectures based upon mechanical analogies† (Easton and Noel 55). On Floating Bodies is the first known work on the science of hydrostatics and Archimedes is generally accepted as the father of that discipline. His bathtub Aha! moment became forever known as Archimedes’ Principle, which is generally stated as, "A body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced" (Luhr 73). This principle also st ates that there is another force that takes place on the surface of liquids that acts on the floating body and is called buoyancy. â€Å"†¦there is a buoyancy force on a floating object equal to the weight of the displaced liquid" (Potter and Wiggert 26). ... When Archimedes realized that his own body displaced the water in his bath the same way that crown would if immersed, â€Å"He thus was able to measure the volume of the crown, calculate its density, and thereby prove that it was not pure gold—to the misfortune of the dishonest goldsmith† (Marshall Cavendish 385). Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. Several instruments and methods have been developed from Archimedes original ideas here. This includes measuring the density of the liquid itself. A graduated hydrometer is one such instrument. This is usually made out of a long glass tube that has a scale inside it and a weighted bulb on the end. The liquid to be tested is put into a tall graduated cylinder and the hydrometer is lowered in until it floats freely, and the density, or specific gravity, of the fluid can be seen in the scale. These devises have many applications from testing battery acid, to the level of cream in a container of milk (Marshall Ca vendish). Another is the Mohr-Westphal balance which can measure the weight of a solid object both in air and as well as in a liquid. â€Å"In a typical measurement, the apparent weight of the sinker in air, in water, and in the liquid of interest is measured. The ratio of the apparent change of weight in the—liquid to that in water, when multiplied by the density of water, is the density of the liquid† (Marshall Cavendish 386). A third is the pycnometer, which consists of a vessel that holds a precise amount of a volume of liquid. The volume that It hold is determined by filling it with a liquid of known density, it is then emptied and a solid is placed inside and the weight of the combination is measured. â€Å"From the weight of the liquid that is added, the volume not occupied by the solid